Expressive and directive functions of language.
The following statements concern the expressive and
directive functions of language. Choose answer (a) or (b).
A. Criticism
is properly the rod of divination: a hazel switch for the discovery of buried
treasure, not a birch twig for the castigation of offenders.
1. Expressive:
(a) a positive attitude towards criticism (b) a positive attitude towards the
castigation of offenders.
2. Directive:
(a) Do not seek the treasure. (b) Engage in criticism.
B. A
little philosophy inclineth a man’s mind to atheism; but depth in philosophy
bringeth a man’s mind about to religion.
3. Expressive:
(a) a positive attitude towards philosophy (b) a positive attitude towards
depth in philosophy.
4. Directive:
(a) Study philosophy. (b) Study philosophy in depth.
C. Man
scans with scrupulous care the character and pedigree of his horses, cattle,
and dogs before he matches them; but when he comes to his own marriage he
rarely, or never, takes any such care.
5. Expressive:
(a) a negative attitude towards the care man takes in choosing his mate (b) a
negative attitude towards the care man takes in matching his animals.
6. Directive:
(a) Take more care in choosing your mate. (b) Take more care in matching your
animals.
D. I
have tried sedulously not to laugh at the acts of man, nor to lament them, nor
to detest them, but to understand them.
7. Expressive:
(a) a positive attitude towards the acts of men (b) a negative attitude towards
the acts of men.
8. Directive:
(a) Laugh at, lament, or detest the acts of men. (b) Try to understand the acts
of men.
E. If
there were a nation of gods they would be governed democratically, but so
perfect a form of government is not suitable to men.
9. Expressive:
(a) a positive attitude towards democracy (b) a negative attitude towards
democracy.
10. Directive:
(a) Govern yourselves democratically. (b) Do not govern yourselves
democratically.
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