SUBDOMAIN 208.5 – BIOCHEMISTRY
Competency 208.5.4: Enzymology and Catalytic Mechanism –
The graduate constructs models of enzymes, demonstrates how enzymes act as a catalyst in a reaction and factors that influence this reaction, and solves enzyme and catalysis problems.
Competency 208.5.5: Carbohydrate Metabolism, Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) –
The graduate constructs models of carbohydrates and demonstrates metabolism of carbohydrates; demonstrates how adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is essential to energy transfer in the cell and how irregularities in ATP synthesis in the cell can cause cytopathologies.
Objectives:
208.5.4-01:
Describe the features of a given enzyme.
208.5.4-03:
Demonstrate activation energy.
208.5.4-04:
Construct a model to demonstrate how an enzyme acts as a catalyst in a given biochemical reaction.
208.5.4-05:
Demonstrate how enzymes are specific in both their substrate and reactant.
208.5.5-02:
Demonstrate what would happen if the interconversions of the Cori Cycle occurred and remained within a single cell.
208.5.5-04:
Demonstrate how a deficiency in aldolase B causes hereditary fructose intolerance.
208.5.5-05:
Demonstrate the role of ATP synthase in energy transfer.
208.5.5-06:
Demonstrate how defects in ATP energy transfer could cause specified cytopathologies.
208.5.5-07:
Construct a dynamic model to demonstrate why the citric acid cycle is central to aerobic metabolism.
Introduction:
More and more researchers are discovering that many diseases are caused by biochemical deficiencies or defects. That is, instead of indicating a disease is caused by a nutritional deficiency, researchers recognize that an underlying cause may be a single molecular structure within a cell that fails to turn on or turn off a cellular process. This is particularly true regarding metabolism. For this task, you will consider the biochemical implications in metabolic disorders.
Task:
Write a brief report (suggested length of 3–4 pages) or presentation (e.g., PowerPoint, Keynote)(suggested length of 10–15 slides) that addresses the following:
Note: Please save presentation documents as *.ppt (PowerPoint) or *.pdf (Portable Document Format) files. When submitting a *.ppt file, please also submit a *.rtf or *.doc file of the text in order to check originality.
A. To understand the issues behind hereditary fructose intolerance, address the following:
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1. Explain how enzymes act as catalysts in biochemical processes (e.g., fructose metabolism, glycolysis).
2. Explain how a deficiency in aldolase B can be responsible for hereditary fructose intolerance.
3. Provide clearly labeled diagrams that demonstrate the following:
a. The lock and key model or induced fit model of enzymatic activity
b. The effect of enzymes on activation energy
4. Discuss the specific substrate acted on by aldolase B during the breakdown of fructose.
5. Explain the role of aldolase B in the breakdown of fructose by discussing the products of the reaction.
B. Explore how mitochondrial disease can occur at multiple levels in different mitochondrial processes by doing the following:
1. Explain what would hypothetically happen to the amount of ATP available to a cell if the entire Cori cycle occurred and remained within that single cell (i.e., a muscle cell).
2. Create an original dynamic diagram to show why the citric acid cycle is central to aerobic metabolism and how it leads to ATP production.
Note: A dynamic diagram should be clearly labeled and include arrows to show movement and interactions.
3. Explain where in the citric acid cycle a hypothetical defect of an enzyme could occur that would decrease the overall ATP production, including the consequences of the defect.
4. Explain the role of coenzyme Q10 in ATP synthesis as part of the electron transport chain.
C. When you use sources, include all in-text citations and references in APA format.
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