From the textbook’s perspective, which one of the following is the primary advantage of allowing students to use reference materials during a paper-pencil assessment?
a. Students are more likely to learn material meaningfully if they know they are going to have an open-book test rather than a closed-book test.
b. Such a procedure is less likely to lead to test anxiety than would otherwise be true.
c. Students don’t have to study the material ahead of time; they can simply learn it during the assessment session.
d. Such a procedure better assesses students’ ability to apply material that they don’t necessarily need to commit to memory





