1.____Which conditions are optimal for
Hb-O2 binding?

a. High temp, low CO2, low pH, high
ATP

b. Low temp, high CO2, high pH, low
ATP

c. High temp, low CO2, high pH, High
ATP

d. Low temp, low CO2, high pH, low
ATP

2.____A right shifted Bohr effect
refers to …

a. An increase in binding capacity,
and affinity with low pH

b. At low pH, a higher concentration
of Oxygen is needed to bind fifty percent of the Hb

c. At high pH, the concentration of
oxygen needed to bind 50% of the Hb is greater than at a low pH

d. Oxygen tends to offload at high pH,
shifting the saturations curve to the right

3.____Bicarbonate is made very rapidly
inside RBCs compared to the plasma. So much so that it when the RBC
travels through the muscle tissues, HCO₃ ion is
passively moved out of the cell in exchange for chloride ion. The
result of this exchange is…

a. The cell’s ATP is used up
rapidly

b. The cell swells

c. The oxygen falls off Hb as Cl-
binds Hb

d. Protons bind the Cl- and are
neutralized

4.____In the lungs CO₂ is
rapidly made inside the RBC, but it just as rapidly diffuses out
into plasma and across the epithelium of alveoli.   This
happens quickly because….

a. RBC and epithelium have very thin
membranes

b. RBC and epithelium have carbonic
anhydrase

c. RBC and epithelium are both heat
sensitive

d. RBC and epithelium contain specific
CO₂ binding proteins

5.____In terrestrial mammals, the two
most active organs controlling body pH are…

a. Lungs and kidneys

b. Liver and pancreas

c. Small intestine and large
intestine

d. Adrenal and spleen

6.____The buffer with the most
capacity in your blood, and in your cells is…

a. Bicarbonate

b. Phosphate

c. Protein

d. Sulfate

7.____If you increase your ventilation
rate…

a. Your blood pH decreases

b. Your blood pH increases

c. There is no effect on your blood
pH

8.____Gilled vertebrates use
unidirectional rather than tidal flow across their gills,
because…

a. Countercurrent flow is more
efficient

b. Water holds less oxygen than
air

c. Gills lose so much heat to the
environment

d. Water’s mass makes it too
energetically expensive to reverse the flow

9.____Neural pathways initiate
inhalation. They receive sensory input and they are the most
sensitive to

a. Low Oxygen

b. Low pH

c. the stretch of the aorta

d. high carbon dioxide

10.____Most of the carbon dioxide
waste emptying into the blood is carried as…

a. Dissolved CO₂

b. H₂CO₃

c. HCO₃^—

d. CO₃^–

11.____Sharks, skates, and rays solve
their water loss problem by…

a. Drinking saltwater and removing the
excess salt using the rectal gland

b. Ionoconforming to the seawater

c. Maintaining high concentrations of
urea and TMAO in their blood

d. Maintaining high concentrations of
Calcium

12.____Once the nephron makes
filtrate, most of the fluids, ions and nutrients are recovered by
the _?_

a. PCT

b. Descending thin loop

c. Ascending thin loop

d. DCT and CT

13.____ Animals with a high ratio of
juxtamedullary to cortical nephrons are particularly adept at…

a. conserving salts

b. removing excess protons

c. conserving water

d. removing urea

14.____Aldosterone acts upon which
section of the nephron

a. PCT

b. Descending thin loop

c. Ascending thin loop

d. DCT and CT and ascending thick
loop

15.____The cells of the
juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete _?_ to begin a cascade of
reactions to release aldosterone.

a. Renin

b. Angiotensinogen

c. Angiotensin I

d. Angiotensin II

16.____Which of the following is the
most potent vasoconstrictor?

a. Renin

b. Angiotensinogen

c. Angiotensin I

d. Angiotensin II

17.____Antidiuretic hormone has what
action and where?

a. Opens aquaporins, DCT and CT

b. Closes aquaporins, DCT and CT

c. Increases Na+ pump activity,
Ascending thick loop of Henle

d. Opens aquaporins, Descending thin
loop of Henle

18.____The Countercurrent loop
multiplier of the loop of Henle…

a. concentrates the filtrate

b. dilutes the filtrate

c. makes the filtrate isoosmotic with
the blood

d. make the filtrate slightly
hypotonic

19.____Excretion of H+ and K+ is
accomplished mainly by…

a. Movement through passive channels
into the CT

b. secretion by exchange with Na+ in
the DCT and CT

c. simple uniport active transport in
the DCT and CT

d. exchange with bicarbonate ion in
the PCT

20.____The descending loop of Henle is
permeable to…

a. Na⁺

b. HCO₃^—

c. Water

d. K⁺

21.____Glomerular Filtration Rate will
increase if …

a. Blood pressure drops

b. Blood [Na] drops

c. Blood pressure increases

d. Blood [Na] increases

22.____Typical freshwater
vertebrates…

a. Make very little concentrated
urine

b. Make very little dilute urine

c. Make large amounts of dilute
urine

d. Make large amounts of concentrated
urine

23.____Besides the kidney and gills,
marine organisms also have specialized organs like the rectal gland
or nasal gland, whose primary function is …

a. Removal of excess water

b. Removal of excess salts

c. Removal of excess urea

d. Uptake of water

24.____The blood supply to the nephron
after the glomerulus, the vasa recta, maximizes return of recovered
materials to the body….How?

a. It has pumps to draw things in

b. Its flow is countercurrent to the
filtrate

c. Its capillaries are highly
fenestrated

d. It is impermeable to water, so only
ions are recovered

25.____Aldosterone increases _?_

a. Na+ reabsorption using active
pumping

b. Na+ reabsorption using passive ion
channels

c. Na+ excretion using active
pumping

d. Na+ excretion using passive ion
channels                        
                            
         
*************************************

26.____When water molecules
evaporate…

a. Additional energy is absorbed by
the liquid phase to energize the water molecules

b. The bonds are broken between oxygen
and hydrogen within each molecule that evaporates

c. The energy that is released from
broken H-bonds is carried off by the evaporated molecule

d. The solution gains energy from the
broken bonds, in a positive feedback loop that enables more
molecules to evaporate.

27.____Spring has arrived. Increasing
daylight length initiates changes in reproductive tissues of
smallmouth bass. One of these changes is a rapid increase (visible
in less than one week) in the activity of aromatase, the enzyme
that is responsible for generating estrogens. Which mechanism below
could explain how enzyme activity could be increased?

a. The ovarian cells increase their
uptake of precursor molecules, such as cholesterol

b. Activators increase specific
transcription of the aromatase gene in the ovarian cells

c. Aromatase expressing cells alter
their temperature rather than the body temperature to reach optimum
conditions for aromatase activity.

d. a and b, but not c

e. a, b, and c

28.____If aromatase activity (mmole
min^-1 mg P^-1) doubles, you would
predict..

a. that the K_M would
double

b. that the K_M would not
change

c. that the K_M would be
halved

d. that the K_M would
increase by 1/2

29.____If the K_M doubles,
then …..

a. VMAX will double on the
Michaelis-Menton saturation plot

b. The y-intercept will be halved on
the Lineweaver-Burk plot

c. the x-intercept will be halved on
the Lineweaver-Burk plot

d. none of the above are correct

30.____Most of the NADH made in
aerobic cellular metabolism is made by _?_ in the _?_
compartment.

a. the fermentation step,
cytosolic

b. the Krebs citric acid cycle,
cytosolic

c. the glycolytic pathway,
mitochondrial matrix

d. the Krebs citric acid cycle,
mitochondrial matrix

e. electron transport, mitochondrial
matrix

31.____Substrate-level phosphorylation
….

a. links a free inorganic phosphate
group to ADP using the power of a proton gradient to drive the
conformational change in the ATP synthase

b. links a free inorganic phosphate
taken from the intermembrane space of the mitochondria to the ADP
in the matrix

c. links a phosphate to ADP, but the
phosphate is attached to another organic substrate, so it must be
transferred from one organic molecule to another.

d. frees the PO₄ group from
ATP

32.____Which statement is most
correct?

a. most inorganic ions and small
molecules easily diffuse across membranes

b. most hydrophobic molecules, if they
are small enough, can easily diffuse across a cellular membrane

c. ions do not diffuse across
membranes, even through channels…they must be pumped.

d. large molecules, i.e., greater than
1000 Dalton MW use pumps to cross.

33.____Facilitative carrier transport
proteins are essential to the…..

a. passive transport of polar amino
acids across membranes

b. passive transport of triglycerides
across membranes

c. passive transport of proteins
across membranes

d. active transport of proteins across
membranes

34.____The Na+/K+ ATPase pump ….

a. moves Na+ ions outward and K+ ions
inward

b. moves 3 Na+ for every 2 K+

c. generates a larger gradient for K+
than Na+

d. a and b, but not c

e. a, b, and c

35.____It is unlikely that large
molecules will cross into a cell, unless…..

a. there is a really big channel

b. there is a specific
receptor-mediated endocytotic process to capture it

c. there are antiport carrier proteins
that bind it and exchange it for ions

d. they flip-flop from one lipid face
to the other

e. the protein contains at least one
non-polar amino acid

36.____What characteristics would a
molecule possess that commonly uses secondary active transport to
enter cells?

a. polar

b. very large (many thousand dalton
MW)

c. hydrophobic

d. a and b, but not c

e. a, b, and c

37.____To move water into the body
across an epithelial layer, you must….

a. position Na+ channels equally on
serosal and mucosal sides and place aquaporins equally on both
sides too

b. add Na+ pumps to the serosal side
and Na+ channels to the mucosal side of the cell and put aquaporins
equally on both sides too

c. add Na+ pumps the mucosal side of
the cell and Na+ channels to the serosal side and add aquaporins to
both sides too.

d. Add Na+ pumps and aquaporins only
to the serosal side

38.____Gap junctions differ from
channels in that….

a. channels are active and gap
junctions are not

b. channels connect the cytosol to the
extracellular fluid but gap junctions connect cytosol to
cytosol

c. channels are passive and gap
junctions are active

d. channels occur in animal cells and
gap junctions occur in plant cells

39.____The bulk of the movement of
inorganic ions across cell membranes is performed using….

a. pumps

b. facilitative carrier transport
proteins

c. channels

d. there is no principle
transporter…they all participate equally

40.____Which statement is correct?

a. Osmosis refers to movement of
solute across differentially permeable membrane

b. Osmosis is observed as you stir a
sugar solution and the water comes to equilibrium with the sugar in
the solution

c. As water osmoses, it moves toward a
higher concentration of solutes, and thus to a higher energy
state.

d. H-bond formation decreases the rate
of diffusion of water

e. none of the above  

41.____During digestion, the bulk of
the enzymes that digest the various foods comes from the _?_

a. Stomach and liver

b. small intestine and liver

c. liver and gall bladder

d. pancreas and small intestine

42.____What hormone stimulates gastric
secretion and motility?

a. inhibin

b. gastrin

c. secretin

d. CCK

e. GIP

43.____Your stomach protects your body
against the actions of stomach acids with…

a. the neutralizing secretions from
the liver, pancrease and small intestine

b. tight junctions that block the
diffusion of the acids across the stomach epithelia

c. enzymes that break down the acids
to make them inert

d. burping

44.____The large intestine….

a. absorbs most of the ions, water,
and vitamins

b. absorbs what ions, water, and
vitamins it can

c. is the only tract segment that
absorbs water, ions, and vitamins

d. secretes many enzymes to finish the
digestive process

45.____The principle emulsifying agent
in bile fluid is ….

a. bicarbonate ion

b. bilirubin

c. bile salts

d. lipase

46.____An organism that generates heat
on a cyclic basis (night and day), but allows its core body
temperature to fluctuate several degrees each day is best called a
….

a. homeothermic endotherm

b. temporal heterotherm

c. regional poikilotherm

d. regional poikilotherm

47.____A poikilothermic ectotherm is
acclimated to several temperatures for several hours each and
metabolic rate was measured each temperature. Its metabolic rate
was lowest between 10^O and 12 ^OC, but
increased a little (maybe 10%) above when acclimated to 30
^OC. Which explains this result?

a. The TNZ was probably between 10-12
^OC

b. The TNZ was definitely below
10^OC

c. The TNZ was definitely above
30^OC

d. just physical and chemical factors,
and no complex regulatory response

48.____Whole body metabolic
rate…

a. increases as mass increases

b. decreases as mass increases

c. increases as surface area
decreases

d. none of the above

49.____Endotherms often use which
process to wake up from any of the torporous states (sleep, torpor,
estivation, hibernation)….

a. light is sensed by the eyes and
pineal gland releases the peptide “awaken”

b. non-shivering thermogenesis warms
the body slightly

c. time is up…its a timed cycle

d. your spouse nudges you and says
wake up…you are snoring

50.____A heat conserving anatomical
arrangement where warm blood heats cold blood entering deep
muscular tissue enables many large fishes such as tuna to maintain
above ambient temperatures in portions of their body.  
This anatomical arrangement is called….

a. a heater organ

b. an anastomosis

c. a countercurrent heat exchanger

d. brown fat

51.____Which of the following
correctly describes the steady state ionic equilibrium?

a. [Na+] are 10X higher inside than
out

b. [K+] may be 50X higher inside than
out

c. high [Cl-] inside is predominantly
responsible for the negative inside voltage

d. Na+ ions are actively pumped inward
while K+ ions are pumped outward

52.____Donnan equilibria result
from….

a. a high concentration of positively
charged proteins inside the cell

b. a high concentration of negatively
charged proteins outside the cell

c. a high concentration of negatively
charged proteins inside the cell

d. a high concentration of K+ created
by the pump inside the cell

e. a high concentration of Cl- created
by the pump inside the cell

53.____Action potentials may travel
great distances as long as a cell membrane has…

a. plenty of ion pumps along that
distance

b. plenty of Na+ and K+ leak channels
along that distance

c. plenty of ligand-gated Na+ and K+
channels along that distance

d. plenty of voltage-gated Na+ and K+
channels along that distance

54.____Electrotonic potentials
….

a. arise mostly from the axon hillock
region of a neuron

b. travel much more quickly than
action potentials

c. are not as large as action
potentials

d. a and b, but not c

e. b and c, but not a

55.____During an action potential Na+
ions….

a. begin to efflux rapidly as
V_THRES for the Na+ channel is reached

b. begin to slow influx when the
voltage reaches its maximum

c. begin to influx rapidly when
V_THRES for the Na+ channel is reached

d. a and b, but not c

e. b and c, but not a

56.____The period of hyperpolarization
during an action potential is characterized by

a. open Na+ channels, closed K+
channels

b. open Na+ channels, open K+
channels

c. closed Na+ channels, closed K+
channels

d. closed Nat+ channels, open K+
channels

57.____If you could inject calcium
ions into an axon terminal, what would you predict would most
likely happen?

a. An AP would travel retrograde
(backwards) to the soma

b. A small electrotonic potential
would result, but nothing else.

c. Neurotransmitter-containing
vesicles might fuse with the plasma membrane and be released

d. nothing would happen because Ca++
influx is inhibitory

58.____Indirect neurotransmission
using the long loop has a powerful advantage over most other
pathways. What is it?

a. the effects are very small,
dependent on graded potentials, so its easily regulated

b. the pathway requires only a
receptor to work

c. there are no inhibitors of such
processes, so once turned on, it continues

d. only small concentrations of
neurotransmitter are needed for large responses

59.____The slowest conduction of a
signal is expected in an axon ….

a. without myelination, and of small
diameter

b. without myelination, but with a
wide diameter

c. with myelination, and of a small
diameter

d. with myelination, and of a large
diameter

60.____The enzyme that destroys the
neurotransmitter in an adrenergic synapse is _?_

a. acetylcholinesterase

b. noradrenalesterase

c. monoamine oxidase

d. drsmithase

61.____When the signal is conducted
along an axon….

a. current flows as an electronic
potential between the myelin sheath membrane and the axon membrane
of the internode to each node

b. current flows within the axon as an
action potential through the internode to each node

c. current flows as an action
potential along the outside of the myelin sheathing of the
internode to each node

d. current flows within the axon as an
electrotonic potential through the internode to each node

IM JUST POSTING THIS SO THAT I CAN HAVE ANSWERS TO SEE
IF IM RIGHT. OUR TEACHER DOES NOT GIVE US ANSWER TO THE TEST THAT
HE POST ONLINE TO STUDY OFF OF.