Which step is NOT important determining probabilities in testing? a. Selection of a random sampling of individuals to test. b. Including the suspect in the test. c. Testing all the relatives of the suspect. d. Determining the genotypes of the individuals in the random sample. e. Calculating the probabilities of finding the suspect’s genotype. In order for DNA evidence to be used in court, what has to happen? a. US government labs must perform he test. b. The new tests must be generally accepted in scientific circles. c. Expert witnesses are used to assist in interpreting the evidence d. All of the above. e. Some of the above. Disadvantages of using mitochondrial DNA in criminal forensics include a. DNA is present in multiple copies per cell. b. Individuals may have identical mitochondrial DNA because they are related. c. All individuals of European descent have identical mitochondrial DNA. d. Mitochondrial DNA varies 5-10% from individual to individual. The remains of the Russian imperial family were identified by: a. Analyses of bones, clothing, and possessions. b. Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. c. Comparison to samples from other royalty. d. All of the above. e. Some of the above. The identity of Tsar Nicholas II was confirmed by: a. Comparison of mitochondrial DNA to two of his maternal relatives. b. Identification of a heteroplasmy in his mitochondrial DNA. c. Matching of the heteroplasmy to mitochondrial DNA of his brother’s exhumed body. d. All of the above. e. Some of the above. Which of the following are thought to play a role in maintaining a stationary distribution of allele lengths? a. Point mutations b. The sequence motif c. SMM d. a and b e. a and c Increasing repeat numbers in alleles a. decrease the probability of mutation b. increase the probability of mutation c. stabilize the probability of mutation e. none of the above The number of repeats present within a given allele has the strongest effect on the probability of a. differentiation b. meiotic transfer c. contraction mutations d. a slippage mutation occurring e. inheritance